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The Quantum Border

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In classical electromagnetic theory, the one developed in the period from 600 to 800 by scientists such as Coulomb, Volta, up to Maxwell, a pair of charges of opposite sign forms a dipole,  the most basic system of charges in interaction, the simplest of electromagnetic sources.  The study of the dipole can be addressed at various levels of complexity. Usually a pair of charges placed at a certain distance of interaction is taken into account without the problem of the actual dynamic conditions: energy, momentum and trajectories of interacting particles.   To analyze the electromagnetic emission of a dipole source, we consider as fundamental variables of the physical model the spatial extension of the source, determined by the distance of interaction and the distance of an observer ( physical   observation and measurement system)  reputed placed in the center of the source. Moving away from the center of the source and examining the structur...